a small amount(less than 1% volume fraction) of copper nanoparticles or carbon nanotubes dispersed in the ethylene glycol or oil can increase their thermal conductivity by 40% and 150%, respectively.
The key features of nanofluid discovered so far included the thermal conductivities so far above those of traditional liquid/solid suspensions, nonlinear relationship between the thermal conductivity and concentration,strongly temperature-dependent thermal conductivity, and significant increase in critical heat flux(CHF). Those key features of nanofluids make nanofluids strong candidates for next generation of coolant for improving the design and performances of thermal management systems.
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